Accurate diagnosis allows for timely and appropriate intervention ( 1, 4). All symptoms must be present in at least two settings, and must clearly impact functioning. While the norm has been 6 (or more) symptoms in younger adolescents and children, at least 5 symptoms in either domain must be present to make the diagnosis in older adolescents and adults. The core symptoms for the two domains (inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive) remain the same as outlined in Table 1, with more detailed descriptions of how symptoms can present in adolescents ≥17 years old and adults included ( 1). With the recognition of attention as an essential feature, the condition was renamed to hyperactive reaction of childhood (DSM-II), then attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (DSM-III), and currently as ADHD (DSM-III-R) ( 2, 3). The nomenclature for ADHD has particularly evolved from conditions such as hyperkinetic disease in the 1900s and minimal brain dysfunction (DSM-I) which was coined by the Oxford International Study Group of Child Neurology in the 1970s. The fundamental feature of persistent impairment due to or combination of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, is essential in diagnosis ( 1). In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 th edition (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for ADHD was revised to increase reliability in diagnosis ( 1). This review article highlights the revised diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to evaluation needed in assessing youth with ADHD. Evidence-based recommendations highlight the importance of conducting a clinical interview and utilizing other approaches in aiding in diagnosis, especially if informants are not readily available or inconsistent. Understanding the multifactorial risk factors associated with ADHD is necessary. In the absence of biological markers, the revised diagnostic criteria mainly focus on behavioral problems with new emphasis on manifestations in adolescents and young adults. The levels of impairment are brought about by persistent displays of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. It is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder with significant impact on the affected individual’s personal, social, academic, and occupational functioning and development. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex, chronic, and heterogenous developmental disorder with typical onset in childhood and known persistence into adulthood.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |